England, Scots and Ireland – Charles II Stuart, age 36
Republic of the Seven United Netherlands – Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt, age 41
France – Louis XIV, age 28
Spanish Empire – Charles II Habsburg, age 5
Portugal – Afonso VI, age 23
Denmark-Norway – Frederick III, age 57
Swedish Empire – Charles XI, age 11
Brandenburg-Prussia – Elector Friedrich Wilhelm, age 46
Holy Roman Emperor/Bohemia-Hungary – Leopold I Habsburg, age 26
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Jan II Kazimierz Vasa, age 57
Tsardom of Russia – Alexei I Romanov, age 37
Ottoman Empire – Mehmed IV, age 24
(To the extent possible, all are portrayed in paintings executed in or around the year 1666. Charles of Spain shown at the age of 10, Frederick III probably in his 30s, Mehmed IV and Alexei I in undated standard portraits.)
